The Ahmad al-Abdo Forces shot down the Syrian government MiG-21 near Wadi Mahmud in the southern province of Sweida, the group's communications head Fares al-Munjed told AFP.
"The pilot is in our hands. He is injured and being treated," Munjed said.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a British-based monitor, confirmed the rebel faction had shot down the plane and captured its wounded pilot.
According to Munjed, the area where the aircraft was downed is outside a ceasefire zone negotiated last month by the United States, Russia and Jordan.
Parts of Daraa, Quneitra, and Sweida provinces are included in the agreement, which has brought relative quiet to the zone though some violence has been reported.
Days after the deal went into effect, the Ahmad al-Abdo Forces hit a Syrian government jet but it landed safely in regime-controlled territory.
Munjed said his group had used a "23 millimetre anti-aircraft gun" to down the warplane on Tuesday.
"We will take care to treat the captured pilot in accordance with international law," he told AFP.
The rebel group's leadership was still debating what would happen to the pilot after his treatment, he said.
More than 330,000 people have been killed in Syria since the conflict began in March 2011 with anti-government protests.
Multiple attempted ceasefires, including nationwide truces, have failed to bring a long-term end to the war.
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